文/洪蘭 台北醫學大學、中央大學講座教授 節錄自
《遊戲與閱讀》
一位家長在我演講完後到講台前來問:「新加坡為什麼要求父母在孩子18個月大時,就要念書給孩子聽?他又聽不懂,念了不是白念嗎?」很多父母臉上也有同樣疑惑的表情。其實只要是教孩子,都不會白費力氣的。
說話是本能,閱讀靠習慣
對人類來說,人從兩腳直立行走,站起來的力量將喉頭拉下來一些,增加了共鳴箱的長度後,人就開始說話了;但是文字的發明才五千年,歷史太短,短到來不及登錄到我們的基因上,因此
說話是本能,閱讀是習慣,既然是習慣,當然就要從小培養。
我們知道把一個孩子放在正常的環境裡,沒有人教他說話,他會說話;把一個孩子放在正常的環境裡,沒有人教他閱讀,他是文盲,因為我們的大腦不是演化來閱讀的,但是在資訊爆炸的時代,
閱讀是個快速吸取資訊的方式,實驗上已知看是聽的三倍速度,所以我們要及早讓他的大腦習慣處理文字訊息。不過新加坡的親子共讀是念故事給孩子聽,不是教他認字,更不是要他寫字,只是培養孩子專心,訓練他的注意力廣度,寓教於樂而已。
閱讀讓孩子懂得生動比喻
美國的研究者從同一社區中,找到兩組5歲的孩子,他們父母的教育程度都相似,社經地位相同,一組是父母在過去的兩年中有念書給孩子聽,而且一週至少5次,另一組是沒有。實驗的作法是請孩子說一個有關他自己生活的故事,如他的生日派對,去動物園玩的經驗等等,然後請他假裝念一本故事書給洋娃娃聽。結果發現兩組有顯著的差異:
父母有念書給孩子聽的那一組,不但文法程度比較深,用的句子比較長,還會用相關子句,而且他們用的「書面語」(literary language)比較多。
故事書,不論多淺,用的語氣還是跟口語不同,比如說,故事書開頭會用「很久很久以前」,而一般說話不會如此。孩子聽多了書面語,不但增加他們的辭彙,語法的應用,也使他們比較容易了解大人所說的話。故事書中常會用到很多的比喻,如「像玫瑰般的臉頰」、「像瀑布般的長髮」,這種口語中很少見,但是卻可以透過故事內容讓孩子了解比喻的用法,增加他對比喻生動性、活潑性的了解,同時他也學會可以這樣用,這對他的作文很有幫助。
孩子閱讀流利,大腦更活化
實驗也發現大腦會因閱讀而發展不同。華盛頓大學的神經學家發現:孩子閱讀時,所活化的大腦區域跟成人不一樣,當孩子逐漸變成流利的閱讀者時,大腦血流量的圖就越來越趨近成人的圖。初學者在閱讀時枕葉(視覺皮質)大量活化,在枕葉與顳葉交會的梭狀迴血流量也增加,而且是兩邊腦都如此,他們還動用到額葉和運動皮質區,他們用的最多的是角迴及頂葉、顳葉、枕葉交會處的supramarginal gyrus,因為這是聲音、視覺訊息、字形、字義各種訊息交會的地方。當然布羅卡區、維尼基區這種語言處理的地方早就活化起來。
神經學家認為大腦並不是演化來閱讀的,文字發明後,大腦被賦予處理人為訊息的任務,它就召集原本處理臉型、外界物體形象的部位,勉為其難的達成任務。因此
大腦中並沒有閱讀中心,它是很多區域在有任務時,抽離原來工作,合力來完成新任務,所以要練習久了才會熟練,才能一聲令下,各個單位都來各就各位幫忙。
Tufts大學的吳爾芙(M. Wolf)教授認為人會閱讀是個奇蹟,因為大腦不是演化來閱讀的,她說:「閱讀改變了我們的生活,我們的生活也改變了我們的閱讀。」現在有很多的證據顯示,大腦會因外界需求改變內在神經的連接,父母千萬不要錯過這個幫助孩子大腦發展的機會。
念書給孩子聽,創造快樂時光
孩子縱然還小,不是聽得很懂,但是
他會知道閱讀是一個快樂的時間,父母的注意力都在自己身上。父母念書的抑揚頓挫對他來說像個音樂,他會努力想知道父母在說什麼,
努力代表主動,主動會增加他神經迴路的連接,會快速的增加他的辭彙,方便早日跟人以語言溝通。孩子若能正確的表達出他的意思,就可以減少被人誤解,所問非所答的挫折感(這是No Chinese全美語幼稚園孩子情緒挫折最大的原因)。
中國人一向功利,好像作一件事一定要看到成效,其實很多好的事情不是馬上看得見成果的,就像人生重要的事,不是考試考得出來的一樣。英國作家高登(Rumer Godden)說:「當你學會閱讀時,你等於重生一次,你再也不會感到寂寞了。」這句話真是非常的對,給你孩子這個永遠不寂寞的工具吧!
書籍簡介
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)
遊戲與閱讀
最符合孩子需求的學習方法
遊戲是孩子的天職,閱讀是自主學習的歷程。孩子透過遊戲和閱讀,不但能激發想像力和創造力、增長知識,更能認識自己也瞭解別人、培養思考和解決問題的能力、學會與人分享及合作。洪蘭教授以許多研究證據說明遊戲、閱讀和大腦發展的關係,並且強調:
․從小會玩、有很多玩伴、常在戶外玩的孩子,EQ更好。
․請給孩子自由的時間和空間盡情遊戲與閱讀,即使作點白日夢也能讓腦筋充電,身心舒暢。
․每個孩子都是獨特的,閱讀的方式也要隨著孩子的天性而有所不同。
作者簡介
洪蘭
美國加州大學實驗心理學博士,現為台北醫學大學、中央大學講座教授、信誼基金會董事。長年推廣閱讀,並針對台灣教育、社會問題提出精闢見解,藉著寫作、翻譯和演講,分享正確的腦科學知識及為人處事的道理。著作及譯作豐富,包含《遊戲與閱讀》、《啟動孩子的大腦》、《情緒和品格》(信誼出版)、《養男育女調不同》(遠流出版)、《請問洪蘭老師》(天下雜誌出版)等。