小一數學課其實很有趣,建議家長將引導重點放在「具體操作」和「視覺思考」,過快的數學知識灌輸模式,很容易讓孩子形成迷思,反而需要更多的時間來澄清錯誤,甚至會影響到孩子未來中高年級的數學學習。
文/洪進益老師|澎湖縣石泉國小老師、小益的布拉格廣場部落格格主
除了
上篇提到的「數數」與「比長短」之外,小一新生還有以下2種常見數學迷思:
常見迷思錯誤3:加法
加法是最基礎的數學運算,孩子最常出現的錯誤就是題目沒看仔細就作答,容易將不同的類量作加法的計算;或是在加法過程中,出現計算錯誤。
例題:1支蠟筆8元,珍珍買了2支蠟筆,共要花多少元?
1. 不同類量相加的錯誤列式:
1+8=9 (X)
8+2=10 (X)
1+2=3 (X)
2. 加法計算錯誤:
8+8=13 (X)
【親子學習「加法」有妙招】
(1)針對誤將不同類量相加的問題,家長可以請孩子先說明或解釋所列出來的算式,藉此來澄清其觀念的錯誤。
(2)根據題意,和孩子一起將題目的解題圖形畫出來,如下圖,透過實際的圖案,增加對加法題目的理解。
![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
(3)加法計算錯誤的問題,可能孩子對於基本的加減法,「合10」和「拆10」尚不熟練,可以先練習基本加減法。至於計算時,則可以利用合10的「櫻桃計算法」來進行計算,將「8+8」看成「(8+2)+6=16」,如下圖所示。
常見迷思錯誤4:減法
減法同樣是生活中最基本的數學運算,孩子常會將題目中先出現的數字當作被減數(減法算式中,比較大且列在前面的數),而列出錯誤的減法算式;或是在減法直式計算時,遇到不夠減的時候,而出現「大數減小數」,顛倒相減的情況。
1. 錯誤減法算式:
例題:小美有6元,阿花有9元,阿花比小美多幾元?
6-9=3 (X)
2. 錯誤直式計算:將13-5算成15-3。
![](data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEAkACQAAD/4QBSRXhpZgAATU0AKgAAAAgABAMCAAIAAAAMAAAAPlEQAAEAAAABAQAAAFERAAQAAAABAAAWJVESAAQAAAABAAAWJQAAAABJQ0MgUHJvZmlsZQD/4g+sSUNDX1BST0ZJTEUAAQEAAA+cYXBwbAIQAABtbnRyUkdCIFhZWiAH4wABAAIAAAAXACVhY3NwQVBQTAAAAABBUFBMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA9tYAAQAAAADTLWFwcGwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABFkZXNjAAABUAAAAGJkc2NtAAABtAAABIRjcHJ0AAAGOAAAACN3dHB0AAAGXAAAABRyWFlaAAAGcAAAABRnWFlaAAAGhAAAABRiWFlaAAAGmAAAABRyVFJDAAAGrAAACAxhYXJnAAAOuAAAACB2Y2d0AAAO2AAAADBuZGluAAAPCAAAAD5jaGFkAAAPSAAAACxtbW9kAAAPdAAAAChiVFJDAAAGrAAACAxnVFJDAAAGrAAACAxhYWJnAAAOuAAAACBhYWdnAAAOuAAAACBkZXNjAAAAAAAAAAhEaXNwbGF5AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAbWx1YwAAAAAAAAAmAAAADGhySFIAAAAUAAAB2GtvS1IAAAAMAAAB7G5iTk8AAAASAAAB+GlkAAAAAAASAAACCmh1SFUAAAAUAAACHGNzQ1oAAAAWAAACMGRhREsAAAAcAAACRm5sTkwAAAAWAAACYmZpRkkAAAAQAAACeGl0SVQAAAAUAAACiGVzRVMAAAASAAACnHJvUk8AAAASAAACnGZyQ0EAAAAWAAACrmFyAAAAAAAUAAACxHVrVUEAAAAcAAAC2GhlSUwAAAAWAAAC9HpoVFcAAAAMAAADCnZpVk4AAAAOAAADFnNrU0sAAAAWAAADJHpoQ04AAAAMAAADCnJ1UlUAAAAkAAADOmVuR0IAAAAUAAADXmZyRlIAAAAWAAADcm1zAAAAAAASAAADiGhpSU4AAAASAAADmnRoVEgAAAAMAAADrGNhRVMAAAAYAAADuGVuQVUAAAAUAAADXmVzWEwAAAASAAACnGRlREUAAAAQAAAD0GVuVVMAAAASAAAD4HB0QlIAAAAYAAAD8nBsUEwAAAASAAAECmVsR1IAAAAiAAAEHHN2U0UAAAAQAAAEPnRyVFIAAAAUAAAETnB0UFQAAAAWAAAEYmphSlAAAAAMAAAEeABMAEMARAAgAHUAIABiAG8AagBpzuy37AAgAEwAQwBEAEYAYQByAGcAZQAtAEwAQwBEAEwAQwBEACAAVwBhAHIAbgBhAFMAegDtAG4AZQBzACAATABDAEQAQgBhAHIAZQB2AG4A/QAgAEwAQwBEAEwAQwBEAC0AZgBhAHIAdgBlAHMAawDmAHIAbQBLAGwAZQB1AHIAZQBuAC0ATABDAEQAVgDkAHIAaQAtAEwAQwBEAEwAQwBEACAAYwBvAGwAbwByAGkATABDAEQAIABjAG8AbABvAHIAQQBDAEwAIABjAG8AdQBsAGUAdQByIA8ATABDAEQAIAZFBkQGSAZGBikEGgQ+BDsETAQ+BEAEPgQyBDgEOQAgAEwAQwBEIA8ATABDAEQAIAXmBdEF4gXVBeAF2V9pgnIAIABMAEMARABMAEMARAAgAE0A4AB1AEYAYQByAGUAYgBuAP0AIABMAEMARAQmBDIENQRCBD0EPgQ5ACAEFgQaAC0ENAQ4BEEEPwQ7BDUEOQBDAG8AbABvAHUAcgAgAEwAQwBEAEwAQwBEACAAYwBvAHUAbABlAHUAcgBXAGEAcgBuAGEAIABMAEMARAkwCQIJFwlACSgAIABMAEMARABMAEMARAAgDioONQBMAEMARAAgAGUAbgAgAGMAbwBsAG8AcgBGAGEAcgBiAC0ATABDAEQAQwBvAGwAbwByACAATABDAEQATABDAEQAIABDAG8AbABvAHIAaQBkAG8ASwBvAGwAbwByACAATABDAEQDiAOzA8cDwQPJA7wDtwAgA78DuAPMA70DtwAgAEwAQwBEAEYA5AByAGcALQBMAEMARABSAGUAbgBrAGwAaQAgAEwAQwBEAEwAQwBEACAAYQAgAEMAbwByAGUAczCrMOkw/ABMAEMARHRleHQAAAAAQ29weXJpZ2h0IEFwcGxlIEluYy4sIDIwMTkAAFhZWiAAAAAAAADzFgABAAAAARbKWFlaIAAAAAAAAIO1AAA9vv///7tYWVogAAAAAAAAS5AAALMnAAAK0FhZWiAAAAAAAAAnkQAADxsAAMihY3VydgAAAAAAAAQAAAAABQAKAA8AFAAZAB4AIwAoAC0AMgA2ADsAQABFAEoATwBUAFkAXgBjAGgAbQByAHcAfACBAIYAiwCQAJUAmgCfAKMAqACtALIAtwC8AMEAxgDLANAA1QDbAOAA5QDrAPAA9gD7AQEBBwENARMBGQEfASUBKwEyATgBPgFFAUwBUgFZAWABZwFuAXUBfAGDAYsBkgGaAaEBqQGxAbkBwQHJAdEB2QHhAekB8gH6AgMCDAIUAh0CJgIvAjgCQQJLAlQCXQJnAnECegKEAo4CmAKiAqwCtgLBAssC1QLgAusC9QMAAwsDFgMhAy0DOANDA08DWgNmA3IDfgOKA5YDogOuA7oDxwPTA+AD7AP5BAYEEwQgBC0EOwRIBFUEYwRxBH4EjASaBKgEtgTEBNME4QTwBP4FDQUcBSsFOgVJBVgFZwV3BYYFlgWmBbUFxQXVBeUF9gYGBhYGJwY3BkgGWQZqBnsGjAadBq8GwAbRBuMG9QcHBxkHKwc9B08HYQd0B4YHmQesB78H0gflB/gICwgfCDIIRghaCG4IggiWCKoIvgjSCOcI+wkQCSUJOglPCWQJeQmPCaQJugnPCeUJ+woRCicKPQpUCmoKgQqYCq4KxQrcCvMLCwsiCzkLUQtpC4ALmAuwC8gL4Qv5DBIMKgxDDFwMdQyODKcMwAzZDPMNDQ0mDUANWg10DY4NqQ3DDd4N+A4TDi4OSQ5kDn8Omw62DtIO7g8JDyUPQQ9eD3oPlg+zD88P7BAJECYQQxBhEH4QmxC5ENcQ9RETETERTxFtEYwRqhHJEegSBxImEkUSZBKEEqMSwxLjEwMTIxNDE2MTgxOkE8UT5RQGFCcUSRRqFIsUrRTOFPAVEhU0FVYVeBWbFb0V4BYDFiYWSRZsFo8WshbWFvoXHRdBF2UXiReuF9IX9xgbGEAYZRiKGK8Y1Rj6GSAZRRlrGZEZtxndGgQaKhpRGncanhrFGuwbFBs7G2MbihuyG9ocAhwqHFIcexyjHMwc9R0eHUcdcB2ZHcMd7B4WHkAeah6UHr4e6R8THz4faR+UH78f6iAVIEEgbCCYIMQg8CEcIUghdSGhIc4h+yInIlUigiKvIt0jCiM4I2YjlCPCI/AkHyRNJHwkqyTaJQklOCVoJZclxyX3JicmVyaHJrcm6CcYJ0kneierJ9woDSg/KHEooijUKQYpOClrKZ0p0CoCKjUqaCqbKs8rAis2K2krnSvRLAUsOSxuLKIs1y0MLUEtdi2rLeEuFi5MLoIuty7uLyQvWi+RL8cv/jA1MGwwpDDbMRIxSjGCMbox8jIqMmMymzLUMw0zRjN/M7gz8TQrNGU0njTYNRM1TTWHNcI1/TY3NnI2rjbpNyQ3YDecN9c4FDhQOIw4yDkFOUI5fzm8Ofk6Njp0OrI67zstO2s7qjvoPCc8ZTykPOM9Ij1hPaE94D4gPmA+oD7gPyE/YT+iP+JAI0BkQKZA50EpQWpBrEHuQjBCckK1QvdDOkN9Q8BEA0RHRIpEzkUSRVVFmkXeRiJGZ0arRvBHNUd7R8BIBUhLSJFI10kdSWNJqUnwSjdKfUrESwxLU0uaS+JMKkxyTLpNAk1KTZNN3E4lTm5Ot08AT0lPk0/dUCdQcVC7UQZRUFGbUeZSMVJ8UsdTE1NfU6pT9lRCVI9U21UoVXVVwlYPVlxWqVb3V0RXklfgWC9YfVjLWRpZaVm4WgdaVlqmWvVbRVuVW+VcNVyGXNZdJ114XcleGl5sXr1fD19hX7NgBWBXYKpg/GFPYaJh9WJJYpxi8GNDY5dj62RAZJRk6WU9ZZJl52Y9ZpJm6Gc9Z5Nn6Wg/aJZo7GlDaZpp8WpIap9q92tPa6dr/2xXbK9tCG1gbbluEm5rbsRvHm94b9FwK3CGcOBxOnGVcfByS3KmcwFzXXO4dBR0cHTMdSh1hXXhdj52m3b4d1Z3s3gReG54zHkqeYl553pGeqV7BHtje8J8IXyBfOF9QX2hfgF+Yn7CfyN/hH/lgEeAqIEKgWuBzYIwgpKC9INXg7qEHYSAhOOFR4Wrhg6GcobXhzuHn4gEiGmIzokziZmJ/opkisqLMIuWi/yMY4zKjTGNmI3/jmaOzo82j56QBpBukNaRP5GokhGSepLjk02TtpQglIqU9JVflcmWNJaflwqXdZfgmEyYuJkkmZCZ/JpomtWbQpuvnByciZz3nWSd0p5Anq6fHZ+Ln/qgaaDYoUehtqImopajBqN2o+akVqTHpTilqaYapoum/adup+CoUqjEqTepqaocqo+rAqt1q+msXKzQrUStuK4trqGvFq+LsACwdbDqsWCx1rJLssKzOLOutCW0nLUTtYq2AbZ5tvC3aLfguFm40blKucK6O7q1uy67p7whvJu9Fb2Pvgq+hL7/v3q/9cBwwOzBZ8Hjwl/C28NYw9TEUcTOxUvFyMZGxsPHQce/yD3IvMk6ybnKOMq3yzbLtsw1zLXNNc21zjbOts83z7jQOdC60TzRvtI/0sHTRNPG1EnUy9VO1dHWVdbY11zX4Nhk2OjZbNnx2nba+9uA3AXcit0Q3ZbeHN6i3ynfr+A24L3hROHM4lPi2+Nj4+vkc+T85YTmDeaW5x/nqegy6LzpRunQ6lvq5etw6/vshu0R7ZzuKO6070DvzPBY8OXxcvH/8ozzGfOn9DT0wvVQ9d72bfb794r4Gfio+Tj5x/pX+uf7d/wH/Jj9Kf26/kv+3P9t//9wYXJhAAAAAAADAAAAAmZmAADypwAADVkAABPQAAAKW3ZjZ3QAAAAAAAAAAQABAAAAAAAAAAEAAAABAAAAAAAAAAEAAAABAAAAAAAAAAEAAG5kaW4AAAAAAAAANgAArgAAAFIAAABDwAAAsMAAACZAAAAOAAAAUAAAAFRAAAIzMwACMzMAAjMzAAAAAAAAAABzZjMyAAAAAAABDHIAAAX4///zHQAAB7oAAP1y///7nf///aQAAAPZAADAcW1tb2QAAAAAAAAGEAAAoDQAAAAA0hZ4gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjL/wAARCADtASwDASIAAhEBAxEB/8QAHwAAAQUBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtRAAAgEDAwIEAwUFBAQAAAF9AQIDAAQRBRIhMUEGE1FhByJxFDKBkaEII0KxwRVS0fAkM2JyggkKFhcYGRolJicoKSo0NTY3ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqDhIWGh4iJipKTlJWWl5iZmqKjpKWmp6ipqrKztLW2t7i5usLDxMXGx8jJytLT1NXW19jZ2uHi4+Tl5ufo6erx8vP09fb3+Pn6/8QAHwEAAwEBAQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtREAAgECBAQDBAcFBAQAAQJ3AAECAxEEBSExBhJBUQdhcRMiMoEIFEKRobHBCSMzUvAVYnLRChYkNOEl8RcYGRomJygpKjU2Nzg5OkNERUZHSElKU1RVVldYWVpjZGVmZ2hpanN0dXZ3eHl6goOEhYaHiImKkpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4uPk5ebn6Onq8vP09fb3+Pn6/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwD3+iiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAoopMigBaKKKACiijOKACikyKWgAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACoLy9tNOtJLu+uYba2jGXmnkCIvOOSeBzU9Y/inw/D4q8NXuiXE8kEV2oVpIwCy4YNxn6UAeZ/E34z6PZaDdaZ4Z1IXeqXCmL7RbE7LdT1cSDGWwTt2k4PPbBb+z5rWq61peuPqup3t+8U8Qja6uHlKAq2cbicVyXj/4JaZ4P8F6hrlvq15cS23l7Y5EUK26RUOcf71b/AOzT/wAgfxB/18Q/+gtQB7pRRRQAV4j8Z/irf+Hr5fDmgTiG88sPd3IALRBvuouehI5J9CMc17dXB638JPDXiDxTJ4hv/trXsjxuwSYBCUVVAxjphRnmgDxGTwh8XrfRW117zWEVEMrIdTYTqgGSxXdn8Pve1eh/Bf4p3/ii6l8P69Ks19HEZbe52hTKoIyrAcbhkEEDkA55GTe8d/G7T/Cmo6loltpt1Pq1sAqvIFEG5lDA5DbiAGzjAzjGR1rjP2ffB8smsS+KJ5bcwQwtDBGkytJvbgllBJX5QeGwTuBHFAH0ZRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFAHnvxv/5JHrX1g/8AR8dcb+zT/wAgfxB/18Q/+gtXoPxW0bUPEHw51TS9KtmubyYw+XEGA3bZUY8kgdAT+Fcv8DPCWveE9O1iLXNPaze4mjaIM6tuADZ+6T6igD1uiiigAryVvjlZxeO28M3OjSQ7dQNi129yAoxJs3kbenfr0r1qvDfi38HtR8QaxJ4j8OKkl1Kqi5s2cIXYAAOhPGcAZBI6Z5JxQB6X4g8AeFfEq3B1LRbR7i4xvukQJPnGAd45yMDrkcV8y/CrVLrRPirpkNlI0sM9ybSVVJAljY4yfpw//Aa15pvjTeWJ8OTW+vNbsvktutcZX0M+3JB6E7+RkdDXoPwi+EF54Y1MeIvEPlrqCoy21rG+7ydwwzMRwWwSMDIwT36AHtI6UUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUVQ1TWtL0SGObVdRtLGORtqPczLGGOM4BYjmgC/RXPf8J74P/6GrRP/AAYRf/FVc0zxNoOs3LW2l61p19OqGRo7a6SRgoIGSFJOMkc+4oA1aKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKrahf22l6dc397L5VrbRNLLJtJ2ooyTgcngdq4r/hdXw9/6GEf+Ak//AMRQB31FYvhzxZoni20lu9DvhdwQyeW7+U6YbAOMMAehFbVABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABXzx+0rqKPfaBpik+ZHHLcOPZiqr/wCgNX0PXzP8adC8UeI/iTKbHw9qd1a20EVtBPDaSNG4I3k7gMcM7Dr2oA2NJ/Z2sr/SLG7uNdu4Zp7eOWSIW6kIzKCVznsTiu4+H/wis/AOvT6rb6tPdtNatbGOSIKACyNnIP8AsfrXmWv/AAa+IWr2761qOsWt/qIBk+zee5Ze+xPl2g56KMKOx6Va+CfxJ1ZvEkXhbWbya6trlWFtJcPueGRQTt3HkqQCMHODjGOcgH0XRQOlFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAUdZ0uHW9FvdLuGkSC8geCRoyAwVlIOCQRnn0NeW/wDDOPhD/oJa5/3/AIf/AI1XsFFAHL+CPAml+AtPubLS57yaK4l81zdOrMDgDjaq8cV1FFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABXg/iD43674b8eXeiaho9ktla3mx3CuZWtywIYfNjcUII+vSveK4bx78L9G8epHNcvJaajEu2K7hAJx2VlP3hk57H35oA1rrxz4XtNDbWH1yxayVSweOZWLnGdqgHJb/AGetfMnw3sp/E/xisbq3iMSLetqEuxSREisXwfQE7V+rCu2H7NN79o2t4mtxDn74tCWx/u7sfrXrngf4faN4EsXh05HluJgPPupiDJJjoPQAeg/HJ5oA6ztRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFcRqHifx1bajcwWXw7+2WscrLDc/wBtwR+agPDbSMrkc4PSu3ooA8//AOEt+If/AETD/wAr9v8A4Uf8Jb8Q/wDomH/lft/8K9AooA8//wCEt+If/RMP/K/b/wCFH/CW/EP/AKJh/wCV+3/wr0CigDz/AP4S34h/9Ew/8r9v/hR/wlvxD/6Jh/5X7f8Awr0CigDz/wD4S34h/wDRMP8Ayv2/+FH/AAlvxD/6Jh/5X7f/AAr0CigDz/8A4S34h/8ARMP/ACv2/wDhR/wlvxD/AOiYf+V+3/wr0CigDz//AIS34h/9Ew/8r9v/AIUf8Jb8Q/8AomH/AJX7f/CvQKKAPP8A/hLfiH/0TD/yv2/+FH/CW/EP/omH/lft/wDCvQKKAPP/APhLfiH/ANEw/wDK/b/4Uf8ACW/EP/omH/lft/8ACvQKKAPP/wDhLfiH/wBEw/8AK/b/AOFH/CW/EP8A6Jh/5X7f/CvQKKAPP/8AhLfiH/0TD/yv2/8AhR/wlvxD/wCiYf8Alft/8K9AooA8/wD+Et+If/RMP/K/b/4Uf8Jb8Q/+iYf+V+3/AMK9AooA8/8A+Et+If8A0TD/AMr9v/hR/wAJb8Q/+iYf+V+3/wAK9AooA8//AOEt+If/AETD/wAr9v8A4Uf8Jb8Q/wDomH/lft/8K9AooA8//wCEt+If/RMP/K/b/wCFH/CW/EP/AKJh/wCV+3/wr0CigDz/AP4S34h/9Ew/8r9v/hR/wlvxD/6Jh/5X7f8Awr0CigDn/DOreItU+1f294X/ALD8vZ5P+nx3PnZzu+4Btxgdeu72roKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAoqPz4hJ5ZlQP/d3DNSUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAVR1nWLHQNJuNU1OfyLO3AMsmxm2gkDooJPJHQVerN17Q7LxJol1pGoK7WlyoWQI204BB4P1AoA8O+Jvxv0zVvD93ofhlZ5DdqYp7ySPYvlH7wQHklhkHIGATj2vfs1f8AII1//r4h/wDQWqv8TPhF4U8LfD/UtY0yG6W8tzF5ZknLD5pVU8fQmrP7NP8AyB/EH/XxD/6C1AHulFFFABXgnxz+JOoaZfp4W0S7e1dY1lvbiFisgJ5WMHqvGGJHUMB6g+915l4m+C2k+KPGM/iK71O7SSZ4maBEUp8iquORnkL+tAHjlv8AAjxjcaAuq4skleLzRYySsJyMZAxt27j6E9+cHiuj+BvxD1UeI4vCep3Et1a3KMLUzsWeB0UttBPO0hSMdjjGOc+x+OPHek+B9Ge7vpVkuiP9Hs1b95M3b6L6seB7kgH5++CGgXuufEiLWjFizsDJPPJghd7KwVR75bOPRT+IB9V0UDpRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFAHnvxv/5JHrX1g/8AR8dcb+zT/wAgfxB/18Q/+gtXpHxK8PXvirwHqOi6cYhdXBi2GViq/LKrHJAPYGue+DngPWPAlhqsGrtbF7qWN4/s8hcYAIOcgetAHptFFFABXl3xZ+Kq+CYV0vS1SbW7iPcC/KWyHgMw7sey/ieMA+o186eNPgz418T+MtW1kTaa0dzcMYd87AiIfLGCNvUKFoAzPA3wu1r4kXp8TeKb65Swnfd5jnM11jj5c8KnbPtgDuPo3RtF07w9pcWm6XaR2tnCMLGg/Uk8knuTya+bR8BPHqrtF3p4Udhdv/8AE1teEfg1400TxfpOp3t1ZtbWt0ksoS6YkqDzgbeaAPontRQOnFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQB//2Q==)
(X)
【親子學習「減法」有妙招】
(1)首先,還是要先帶著孩子了解題意,透過讀題了解題目在問什麼。接著從題幹中找到線索,列出算式。加強孩子理解減法的意義,以及減法算式的正確記錄方式。
(2)此外,要讓孩子知道,並強調「被減數」比「減數」大的約定。
(3)當減法需要退位,發生「大數減小數」的錯誤時,像是「13-5」算成「15-3」,建議可與孩子先透過位值表和學具的具體操作,或透過符號的表徵,用具體物的操作來解決抽象的數字問題,讓孩子真正理解減法的意義。
(4)除了使用直式計算「13-5」外,我們也可以把減數「5」拆成「3+2」,算式就會變成「(13-3)-2=10-2=8」,如下圖。
提高興趣、動手操作,陪伴孩子學數學
小一新生才剛開始學習數學,因此爸爸媽媽有一個很重要的任務,就是要提高孩子對數學的興趣,讓孩子喜歡數學,建議可使用一些益智數學學具、結合生活情境布題,鼓勵孩子嘗試錯誤,多鼓勵不責備,讓孩子知道其實數學是很有趣的。
再者,由於認知發展的緣故,小一新生對數學的建構能力較弱,往往必須有更多動手操作的過程,累積相關的經驗,才能夠內化數學的知識點。所以,千萬不要急得想趕快把所有的知識都灌輸到孩子身上,不妨先慢下腳步,學習等待,陪伴孩子照著他的速度來學習,有時候最好的教導就是「等待」和「陪伴」!
※ 延伸閱讀:
小一生常見的數學迷思和錯誤(上)
※ 參考資料:十二年國教課程綱要數學領域手冊。
※ 洪進益老師的個人臉書專頁:
小益的布拉格廣場