好習慣能內化成品德。孩子在愉快心情下養成的習慣,才能持久;如果以打罵教導,或許立即見效,但爸媽一不在後面跟著督促,這行為便會消失了。讓我們一起來瞭解,為什麼好習慣要從小教?學齡前的孩子又該怎麼教出好品德?
文/洪蘭 台北醫學大學、中央大學講座教授 節錄自
《情緒和品格》
有位媽媽寫信來說她非常認同品德教育的重要性,但是品德是個看不見、摸不著的東西,他該如何教?尤其他的孩子大的才3歲,小的1歲,他如何去跟這麼小的孩子講道理?
對這麼小的孩子不是講道理而是做給他看,養成他好的生活習慣。好的生活習慣就是品德的根本,一個勤儉的人不會貪,因為勤能致富,儉則無匱。所謂「儉以養廉」,廉的人不會去想意外之財,而意外之財常生意外,所以好品德來自好習慣。
從小建立的神經迴路啟動快
那麼,為什麼要從小教呢?左圖是一張還有8天才要出生的小貓神經元,右圖是同一隻貓的同一個神經元,只是左圖是小貓,右圖是老貓。在小貓時,神經元有密密麻麻的連接,但是等到成長為老貓時,常常用的神經迴路變得很大條,它的臨界點很低,很容易就會被啟動,而其他曾經有過的神經連接不再用時,就被修剪掉了。大腦是我們整個身體用掉最多能源的器官,它用掉它體積十倍的能源,所以不用就得刪。因為大腦有可塑性,長大後仍然可以學,但是學得慢,所以習慣要從小養好。
![](http://parents.hsin-yi.org.tw/WebArticleImages/5240/腦神經小圖信誼-.jpg)
圖片取自COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE BY Michael Gazzaniga(洪蘭提供)
習慣的養成是靠一直做同樣的事,使相關的神經元一直一起同步發射,形成緊密連接。在神經學上有個有名的定律叫「海伯定律」(Hebb’s Law),「同步發射的神經元會聯結在一起」所以發射得愈多次,神經聯結得愈緊密。
好身教幫助孩子內化為品德
那麼,學前的孩子怎麼教呢?這部分的機制是鏡像神經元(mirror neuron)在運作,模仿是最原始的學習,靠的是父母的身教。比如說,教孩子物歸原位,父母每次需要以身作則,用完剪刀或漿糊就把它放回去,先讓孩子看放在哪裡,然後帶孩子走到那個地方,把剪刀、漿糊放回去,到後來就可讓孩子自己去放;養成了習慣後,用完了,他自己會走去把東西放好。等到3歲左右,就可以開始跟他講道理了,告訴他:物歸原位就不必找,省下來的時間,媽媽可以念故事給你聽、帶你上公園去玩。教孩子一定要跟他講理由,他認同後,這行為才會內化為品德的一部分。
教導生動,孩子牢記在心
我父親便是用這種方法教我們。我們家每一件東西都有固定的地方,從我懂事到我出國,放的地方不曾變更過,半夜起來,不開燈都拿得到。我小時候是住日本式房子,雖然睡榻榻米是通舖,但每個人有每個人的位置。我父親說:「你們晚上睡覺時,若是有人睡了你的位子,你雖然也有地方睡,但心裡會不舒服;東西也一樣,它也喜歡它自己的位置,不喜歡被你們亂放。這個理由我印象很深刻,每次東西不在它原來的位置上,我就會想起父親說的:「東西也不喜歡被亂放。」便去把它找回,放在它應該在的位置上。父親用擬人化的比喻教我們同理心,也利用我們的同理心增強這個行為。養成習慣後,真的使我一輩子受用不盡。
擁有好習慣,懂得自我督促
多年前,某大醫院曾經發生過護士要給嬰兒打三合一疫苗,結果打成放鬆肌肉針的悲劇,因為有人把藥劑放錯了冰箱位置,打疫苗的護士習慣性的從那個位置上取藥注射,沒有再仔細看,結果四個嬰兒中有一名死亡,三名癱瘓。所以從小養成好習慣很重要。
做什麼事都是起頭難,想要養成孩子的好習慣,一開始父母會辛苦一點,但這辛苦絕對是值得的,我的孩子今年29歲,沒有一顆齲齒。他小時候一吃過飯,我就帶他去刷牙,我自己也在一旁刷(叫孩子做事,最不能就是只叫孩子做而自己不做)。他後來告訴我,如果今天吃完飯沒有刷牙,他會很不舒服。這時我就可以放心了,他的習慣已養成,自己會督促自己了。所以在孩子小時候,大人多花點力氣教導,它的報酬率是一本萬利的。
在愉快心情下培養的習慣才持久
對於3歲以下的孩子,做錯事不要責罰他,重做一次對的給他看便好了,孩子一定要在愉快的心情下養成的習慣才會堅持一生,打罵的效果可能很快,但父母一不在後面監督,這行為便消失了。習慣是品德的開始,養成孩子勤儉的習慣,禮貌的習慣等等,這些就是他的品德。品德雖然看不見,但是內化後,表現出來的是他的談吐、風度和修養,就代表了他是一個什麼樣的人了。
書籍簡介
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)
情緒和品格
早期經驗,決定孩子的未來
情緒管理和品格教育看似老生常談,卻也是現代父母感到頭疼的問題。孩子動不動就鬧情緒、自理能力薄弱、待人接物不禮貌、無法遵守紀律……,這些問題在年幼時如果沒有適當引導,壞習慣一旦養成,想改變將是困難重重。洪蘭老師常引用一段話:「樹木要長得好,必須其本欲舒,其培欲平,其土欲故,其築欲密,勿動勿慮,順其天性。」教養孩子,希望孩子正直、長得好,也是同樣的道理,0歲開始,就要打好基礎。
作者簡介
洪蘭
美國加州大學實驗心理學博士,現為台北醫學大學、中央大學講座教授、信誼基金會董事。長年推廣閱讀,並針對台灣教育、社會問題提出精闢見解,藉著寫作、翻譯和演講,分享正確的腦科學知識及為人處事的道理。著作及譯作豐富,包含《遊戲與閱讀》、《啟動孩子的大腦》、《情緒和品格》(信誼出版)、《養男育女調不同》(遠流出版)、《請問洪蘭老師》(天下雜誌出版)等。